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Animal Biotechnology 2019 a) Schematically describe the process of successful cloning in sheep. Name two therapeutic proteins that can be produced in the milk of domestic animals. (3+2=5) Ans→1) Selection of Donor Cells: Somatic cells (e.g., mammary gland cells) are collected from a donor sheep and cultured. 2) Preparation of Egg Cell: An unfertilized egg … Read more

a) Describe the elongation process of translation in E.coli with suitable diagram. State the function of Aminoacyl-synthetase in translation. (4+1) Ans→ The elongation process of translation in E. coli involves the addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain. It takes place at the ribosome, which has three main sites: the A site (aminoacyl … Read more

Genetics 2019 3. Answer any two questions from the following.a) Define spontaneous mutation. What is a base analogue? A base analogue can induce mutation -explain with suitable examples.Ans→ A spontaneous mutation is a genetic change that occurs naturally without any external influence, typically due to errors during DNA replication or repair.A base analogue is a … Read more

Animal Biotechnology 2019 a) What do you mean by genomics?Ans→ Genomics is a subject of biology that deals with the study of the structures, function, mapping, editing of complete set of genome (DNA and RNA)  of organisms. b) What are the full forms of BAC and MAC?Ans→ BAC: Bacterial Artificial ChromosomeMAC: Mammalian Artificial Chromosome c) … Read more

Fish and Fisheries 2019 a) Give a scientific name of accessory respiratory organ containing fish. Ans→ Heteropneustes fossilis (Singi Fish)- Pneumatic sac b) Write two features of subclass-Actinopterygii.Ans→ (i) Presence of bony endoskeleton.(ii) They possess cycloid or ctenoid scales. c) What is the scientific name of silver carp?Ans→ Hypophthalmichthys molitrix d) What is ductus pneumaticus?Ans→ … Read more

Genetics 2019 1.) Answer any ten questions from the following: a) State the law of segregation. Ans→ Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene  segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. b) What is incomplete dominance? Ans→ Incomplete dominance is a … Read more

Molecular Biology 2019 1.) Answer any ten questions from the following: a) Define stop codon. Ans→ A stop codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that provide a signal to terminate the protein synthesis.  UAG, UAA and UGA are the stop codons. b) What is microRNA? Ans→ MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, highly conserved … Read more

The human brain is a highly complex organ that serves as the control center for the entire body, responsible for regulating a wide range of functions and processes. Location Structure Parts and Functions Summary The human brain, housed within the cranial cavity, is a complex organ composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Each part … Read more

Developmental biology is the field of biology that studies the process by which organisms grow and develop. Some of the Terms of Developmental Biology: Blastula: The early stage of the embryo, characterized by a hollow sphere of cells. Blastocoel: The fluid-filled cavity inside the blastula. Gastrula: The stage following the blastula, during which the three … Read more

Lac Operon (Prokaryotes) Discovered By: François Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961 (1) Genes Housekeeping genes: “Always cell are on” . Some genes in bacterial cells are important to the life of the cell. Thus their expressions occur constitutively and not subject to regulation. Inducible gene: “Normally off”. Because it induces or switch on the gene. … Read more

Bioinformatics is the science of collecting, storing, analyzing, and interpreting complex biological data using computational techniques and software tools. It integrates principles from biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics to facilitate the understanding of biological processes and relationships. Basics of Bioinformatics Goals of Bioinformatics Scope of Bioinformatics Applications of Bioinformatics Limitations of Bioinformatics Biological Databases … Read more

The species concepts is a framework to define and distinguish different species.  Species Concepts: Here are some of the main species concepts with explanations and examples: Biological Species Concept  Definition: A species is a group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Example: Horses (Equus ferus caballus) and donkeys (Equus africanus … Read more