Answers of short question from PYQ of Paper Animal Physiology of Semester IV of the years 2019, 2021, 2022 & 2023 given respectively.
Table of Contents
Animal Physiology 2019
1.a) What is Rh factor?
Ans→ The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells, orucial in blood transfusions and during pregnancy.
b) What are granulocytes?
Ans→ Granulocytes are a type of white blood cells (WBC) characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.
c) What do you mean by a renal corpuscle?
Ans→ Renal corpuscle is a component of the nephron of the kidney, composed of Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, involved in the initial filtration of blood to form urine.
d) What is the function of podocytes?
Ans→ Podocytes are specialized cells in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and forming the filtration barrier in the glomerulus.
e) What do you mean by murmurs?
Ans→ Murmurs are abnormal sounds heard during the heartbeat cycle, often indicating issues with the heart valves or blood flow.
f) Name the vitamin which helps in blood clotting.
Ans→Vitamin K
g) What is haemopoiesis?
Ans→ Haemopoiesis or Hematopoiesis is the process by which the body produces blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets) in the bone marrow.
h) Where does glucose reabsorption take place is nephron?
Ans→ Glucose reabsorption primarily in the occurs in proximal
convoluted tubule (PCT) of the nephron.
(ⅰ) What is tidal volume?
Ans→ Tidal volume (TV) refers to the amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing without any extra effort.
TV = 500 ml.
j) What is Kupffer cell and where they are found?
Ans→ Kupffer cells are a type of macrophage located in the blood filled channels (sinusoids) in the liver, play key role in immune function. Kupffer cells are found in the liver.
k) which artery is used to measure bp?
Ans→ The brachial artery is commonly used to measure bp using a sphygmomanometer.
l) Define Haldane effect.
Ans→ The Haldane effect is a phenomenon where the oxygenation of blood reduces its capacity to carry carbon dioxide, and vice versa.
m) What is Bombay phenotype?
Ans→ The Bombay phenotype is a rare blood group phenotype characterized by the absence of A, B antigen and presence of H antigen on red blood cells.
n) What is the precursor of platelets?
Ans→ Megakaryocytes.
o) What do you understand by the term micturition?
Ans→ Micturition is the medical term for the act of urination or voiding, the process of expelling urine from the bladder through urethra.
2.a) What role does Juxtaglomerular apparatus play in urine formation?
Ans→ Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) play a critical role in urine formation by regulating the secretion of renin, a hormone involved is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which controls blood pressure and fluid balance. Additionally, JGA helps to regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by adjusting the diameter of the afferent arteriole.
b) Define osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
Ans→ Osmoconformers: Osmoconformers are organisms that match their internal osmolarity to their external environment to avoid water loss or gain.
Osmoregulators: Osmoregulators are organisms that actively maintain their internal osmolarity, maintaining it at a relatively constant level regardless of external conditions.
c) What is Bohr effect?
Ans→ The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon in which an increase in carbon dioxide or a decrease in pH results in a decreased affinity of haemoglobin oxygen unloading in tissues where it is needed for cellular respiration.
d) Differentiate endotherms and ectotherms.
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e) Write down the role of Ca2+ in hemostasis.
Ans→ Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a crucial role in hemostasis, the process of blood clotting. They serve as cofactors for several steps in the coagulation cascade, facilitating the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin forms the meshwork of a blood clot.
f) What is the difference between cardiac output and stroke volume?
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g) Differentiate chyme and chyle.
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h) Why pancreas is called mixed gland?
Ans→ The pancreas is called a mixed gland because it has both endocrine and exocrine functions. It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine, to help digestion (exocrine function). And also produces hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels (endocrine function).
Animal Physiology 2021
1.a) Why glomerulus is highly reduced or absent in marine fishes?
Ans→ Because marine fishes live in a hypertonic environment where their surroundings have a higher salt concentration than their body fluids. As a result, there’s less need for filtration of excess salts, leading to the reduction or absence of the glomerulus in their kidneys.
b) Name the cell through which ultrafiltration occurs.
Ans→ Podocytes.
c) What do you mean by vasa recta?
Ans→ Vasa recta are specialized blood capillaries running parallel to the loop of Henle, maintaining the concentration gradient and facilitating reabsorption of water and solutes.
d) How does CO affect oxygen dissociation curve?
Ans→ The oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the left by the affect of CO.
e) What is the progenitor of platelets?
Ans→ Megakaryocytes are the progenitor of platelets.
f) What is the difference between cortical and Juxtamedullary nephrons.
Ans->
g) What is Botzinger complex?
Ans Botzinger complex is a group of neurons in the medulla oblongata that helps regulate breathing by controlling the rhythm and depth of respiration.
h) Write one important character of stem cell.
Ans→ Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types in the body.
i) What is the significance of tubular reabsorption?
Ana→ It is significant because it allows the body to reclaim essential substances such as water, glucose and ions from the filtrate maintaining proper fluid balance, electrolyte levels.
j) what is the site of hemopoiesis is early embryo?
Ans→ Yolk sac.
k) What is the function of chylomicrons?
Ans→ Chylomicrons transport dietary fats, mainly through triglycerides from the intestines to various tissues in the body for energy production or storage.
l) What do you mean by “christmas factor”?
Ans→ Christmas factor also known as factor IX is a protein involved in the blood clotting cascade, playing a crucial role in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
m) Mention the functions of agranulocytes.
Ans→ Agranulocytes, which include lymphocytes, are involved in adaptive immunity and monocytes function as phagocytes engulfing and destroying pathogens.
n) What is reserve pacemaker?
Ans→ Reserve pacemaker is a secondary site in the heart, the AV node, that can generate electrical impulses to initiate heartbeats if the primary pacemaker, SA node fails.
o) In addition to Iron, which non-metallic mineral compound present in Haemoglobin.
Ans→ Nitrogen (N)
2.a) Why endotherms must eat more than ectotherms especially in the cold weather?
Ans→ Because endotherms rely on internal metabolic process to generate heat to maintain their body temperature. In cold weather, they need more energy from food to fuel their metabolism and keep warm than ectotherms.
b) What do you mean by GFR? What is its ideal value in a healthy adult?
Ans→ GFR (Glomerular filtration rate) is the measurement of the rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys/unit of time.
Ideal value of GFR is 180 L/day.
c) How kidney helps to control Blood Pressure (BP)?
Ans→ The kidneys help to control blood pressure by regulating the volume of blood and the concentration of salts and water in the body through processes such as filtration, reabsorption and secretion.
d) How does” countercurrent heat exchange” prevents heat loss in mammals living in the cold?
Ans→ Countercurrent heat exchange in mammals living in the cold prevents heat loss by transferring heat from warm arterial blood to cold venous blood before it returns to the body core. This minimizes heat loss to the environment and helps maintain a higher core temperature.
e) What is macula densa? Mention its function.
Ans→ Macula densa is a group of specialized cells located in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney regulates renal blood flow and GFR by sensing sodium chloride concentration.
Function: Regulation of renal blood flow and GFR in sensing the change of NaCl concentration in the filtrate.
f) What do you mean by vital capacity and dead space?
Ans→ Vital capacity: Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be breathed out by maximum expiratory effort after a forceful inspiration.
Normal range: 4-5 L apprer.
Dead space: Dead space refers to the volume of air that remains in the respiratory tract like trachea, bronchus, nasopharynx etc.
Normal range: 120-130 ml.
g) Mention the role of Ca2+ in coagulation.
Ans→ Calcium ions (Ca2+) play crucial role in the coagulation cascade by facilitating the binding of coagulation factors, converting prothrombin to thrombin which in turn converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
h) How does body maintain its acid-base equilibrium?
Ans→1. Buffer: Chemical buffers in the blood, like bicarbonate ions and proteins, help to stabilize pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.
2. Respiratory Regulation: The lungs adjust carbon dioxide levels. Increased ventilation removes CO₂, lowering acidity, while decreased ventilation retains CO₂, increasing acidity.
3. Renal Regulation: The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by excreting excess acids or bases in urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions.
Animal Physiology 2022
1. a) What is mitral valve?
Ans→ Mitral valve is a heart valve that has two cusps between the left atrium and left ventricle, ensuring blood flows in one direction.
b) Write down the names of two salivary enzymes.
Ans→ Ptyalin and lingual lipase
c) Name the main regions of human stomach.
Ans→ Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus.
d) Why desert animals produce concentrated urine and dry faeces. Ans→ Desert animals produce concentrated urine and dry faces as a way to conserve water in their bodies. By concentrating their urine, they can minimize water loss while still excreting waste products.
e) Differentiate artery and vein.
Ans–>
f) State the function of goblet cell.
Ans→ The main function of goblet cells is to secrete mucus, serving several purposes like lubricating and protecting the epithelial surfaces, trapping & clearing foreign particles.
g) What are osmoconformers?
Ans→ Osmoconformers are organisms that match their internal osmolarity to their external environment to avoid water loss or gain.
h) Mention the main function of podocytes.
Ans→ Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule which regulates the passage of substances from the blood into the renal tubule during urine formation.
i) Name the vitamin that helps to blood clotting.
Ans→ Vitamin K
j) What is the precursor of platelets?
Ans→ Megakaryocytes
k) What is the cause of cyanosis?
Ans→ Cyanosis is caused by lack of oxygen in the blood or tissues, leading to a bluish discolouration of the skin, mucus membrane, nail.
I) Where does chloride shift take place?
Ans→ Chloride shift takes place in red blood cells within the bloodstream.
m) What is the function of bile?
Ans→ The primary function of bile is to help in digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
n) Define cardiac output.
Ans→ Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
o) Which hormone stimulates RBC production?
Ans→ Erythropoietin (EPO)
2.a) Describe the roles of pancreatic juice and intestinal juice in nucleic acid digestion.
Ans→ Pancreatic Juice: Pancreatic juice contains enzymes such as ribonuclease. and deoxyribonuclease which break down RNA and DNA respectively nucleotides.
Intestinal Juice: Contains nucleosidases and phosphatases which further break down nucleotides into their component N2 bases, sugars, and phosphate groups.
b) What is the role of colony stimulating factor (CSF) in hematopoiesis?
Ans→ Colony stimulating factor (CSFs) stimulate the production and differentiation of white blood cells (leukocytes) to the bone marrow, aiding hematopoiesis.
c) Explain chloride shift.
Ans→ The chloride shift is the exchange of chloride, icons (CI–) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) between red blood cells and plasma to maintain pH balance and facilitate the transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues to the lungs for elimination.
d) How do you differentiate homeotherms and poikilotherms?
Ans–>
e) “Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine activities” Explain the statement.
Ans→ The pancreas serves dual roles:
1. Endocrine function: It produces hormones like glucagon (from alpha cell) and insulin (from beta cell) which regulate blood sugar levels.
2. Exocrine function: It secretes digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice) into the small intestine to help break down food and absorption.
f) Explain erythroblastosis foetalis.
Ans→ Erythroblastosis foetalis is a condition in which mother’s antibodies, usually Rh antibodies, attack the red blood cells of her foetus. This typically happens when the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive. The condition can lead to severe anaemia, jaundice and other complications in the newborn.
g) Why chloride content of RBCs is more in venous blood than that of arterial blood?
Ans→ Because carbon dioxide (CO₂) is transported back to the lungs in the form bicarbonate ions (HCO₃) through chloride shift phenomenon. This exchange of HCO3– ions for chloride ions in RBC occurs more in venous blood due to higher CO₂ levels resulting is a higher chloride concentration in RBC in venous blood.
h) What do you mean by vital capacity and dead space?
Ans→ Vital capacity: Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be breathed out by maximum expiratory effort after a forceful inspiration.
Normal range: 4-5 L apprer.
Dead space: Dead space refers to the volume of air that remains in the respiratory tract like trachea, bronchus, nasopharynx etc.
Normal range: 120-130 ml.
Animal Physiology 2023
1. a) Name the precursor of platelets.
Ans→ Megakaryocytes
b) What happens if a child is affected by erythroblastosis fetalis?
Ans→ If a child is affected by erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn), their red blood cells are destroyed by maternal antibodies, leading to severe anaemia, jaundice may even cause death if not treated well.
c) What do you mean by vasa recta?
Ans→ Vasa recta are specialized blood capillaries running parallel to the loop of Henle, maintaining the concentration gradient and facilitating reabsorption of water and solutes
d) Enumerate Botzinger complex.
Ans→ Botzinger complex is a group of neurons in the medulla oblongata that helps regulate breathing by controlling the rhythm and depth of respiration.
e) What is an osmoregulator animal?
Ans→Osmoregulators are organisms that actively maintain their internal osmolarity, maintaining it at a relatively constant level regardless of external conditions.
f) Name the site of hematopoiesis in early human embryo.
Ans→ Yolk sac
g) How does CO affect oxygen dissociation curve?
Ans→ The oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the left by the affect of CO.
h) What do you mean by Christmas factor?
Ans→ Christmas factor also known as factor IX is a protein involved in the blood clotting cascade, playing a crucial role in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
i) Mention the functions of granulocytes.
Ans→ Granulocytes, a type of functions primarily in the immune response by attaching and destroying pathogens, mediating inflammation and participating in allergic reactions.
j) What do you mean by dead space?
Ans→ Dead space refers to the volume of air that remains in the respiratory tract like trachea, bronchus, nasopharynx etc.
Normal range: 120-130 ml.
k) What is Podocyte?
Ans→ Podocytes are specialized cells in the Bowman’s capsule membrane, playing a crucial role in the filtration barrier to prevent the passage of large molecules like proteins into the urine.
l) What is Pacemaker of Heart?
Ans→ The pacemaker of the heart, known as Sino-atrial (SA) node, is a group of specialized cells located in the right atrium that generate electrical impulses to regulate the heart’s rhythm and rate.
m) Name the cell that produces hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Ans→ Parietal cells produces hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
n) What is vital capacity?
Ans→ Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be breathed out by maximum expiratory effort after a forceful inspiration.
Normal range: 4-5 L apprer.
o) What is cardiac sphincter?
Ans→ The cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter) is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the oesophagus into the stomach.
2.a) Why pancreas is considered as mixocrine gland?
Ans→ Because Pancreas is composed of both Endocrine and Exocrine gland:
1. Endocrine part: It produces hormones like glucagon (from alpha cell) and insulin (from beta cell) which regulate blood sugar levels.
2. Exocrine part: It secretes digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice) into the small intestine to help break down food and absorption.
b) Name the GI tract associated glands and mention their functions.
Ans→
- Salivary glands: Produce saliva which contains amylase enzyme that initiate the break down of carbohydrates
- Liver: Produce bile, which is essential for emulsification of fats.
- Pancreas: Secrete digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase and proteases) and bicarbonates into the small intestine.
- Gastric glands: Secrete gastric juice, HCI, pepsin in stomach.
- Intestinal glands: Secrete intestinal juice for the final digestion.
c) How do you differentiate Bohr effect and Haldane effect.
Ans→
| Bohr Effect | Haldane effect |
| 1. Describes how increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood reduce haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (O2). | 1. Describes how oxygenation of blood in the lungs reduces haemoglobin’s affinity for carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. |
| 2. Facilitates oxygen release in tissues where CO2 concentration is high. | 2. Facilitates CO2 release in the lungs where oxygen concentration is high. |
| 3. Shifts the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right. | 3. Shifts the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve to the left. |
d) What is non-shivering thermogenesis?
Ans→ Non- shivering thermogenesis is the process by which the body generates heat without muscle contractions (shivering). This primarily occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) where mitochondria produce heat through oxidation of fatty acids. This mechanism is important for maintaining body temperature during cold exposure.
e) What is Bombay phenotype?
Ans→ The Bombay phenotype is a rare blood group phenotype characterized by the absence of A, B antigen and presence of H antigen on red blood cells.
f) What is Residual volume?
Ans→ The amount of air which remains in the lungs after a manimal expiration is called Residual volume Normal range: 1 – 1.2 L (approx).
g) State the relationship between cardiac output and stroke volume.
Ans→ Cardiac output is the total volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume, which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat, by the heart rate.
The relationship is,
Cardiac output = Stroke volume X Heart rate.
h) Distinguish between ureotelism and uricotelism.
Ans→
| Points | Ureotelism | Uricotelism |
| 1. Nitrogenous waste | Excretes nitrogen mainly as urea. | Excretes nitrogen mainly as uric acid. |
| 2. Water usage | Requires a moderate amount of water for excretion. | Requires minimal water for excretion. |
| 3. Adaptation | Suited for organisms with access to water to dilute and excrete urea. | Suited for organisms in arid environments where water conservation is crucial. |
| 4. Examples | Common in mammals, including humans, and some amphibians. | Common in birds, reptiles, and some insects. |
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