Animal Physiology

 Endocrine glands are specialized organs that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and mood. Unlike exocrine glands, which release substances through ducts, endocrine glands are ductless. Key endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and the pancreas. Each gland produces specific hormones, such as insulin … Read more

Physiology of Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. It begins with inhalation, where the diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs. Oxygen is then absorbed into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide is released. 1. Breathing Inspiration (Inhalation): Expiration (Exhalation): 2. External Respiration 3. Transport … Read more

Renal physiology focuses on how the kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in the body. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain acid-base balance. Key processes include glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Structure of Kidney: A frontal section through the kidney reveals an … Read more