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The complement system is part of the immune system that helps enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens. It consists of a cascade of proteins that can amplify the immune response, leading to inflammation, cell lysis, and opsonization. Complement System Pathways : The complement system can be activated through three main … Read more
Biology encompasses diverse fields, each focusing on specific aspects of life.
Fitness comprises physical activity, nutrition, rest, and mental well-being, all aimed at improving overall health and quality of life.
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in various bodily functions. It’s essential for maintaining good vision, supporting immune function and promoting healthy skin.
Vitamins are essential micronutrients that our bodies need in small amounts to function properly.
Mutation: Sudden and abrupt changes to the genetic material of organisms. → Spontaneous change by mutagens that affect on the DNA or the genes or sometimes the complete chromosome. A.) CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION → A parmanent change in the number of chromosome or structure of chromosome of a organisms is called chromosomal mutation. Two types →Variation … Read more
Late embryonic development is the phase where organs and structures continue to develop and mature in the embryo before birth. Fate of Embryonic layers There are 3 Germ layers – Ectoderm Mesoderm & Endoderm. 1. Ectoderm: 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm: Extra embryonic membrane: There are 4 types of Extra embryonic Membrane: – Amnion, Chorion Allantois … Read more
Early embryonic development begins with fertilization, where a sperm cell merges with an egg to form a zygote. The zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage, forming a multicellular structure called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants itself into the uterine wall, where it differentiates into an inner cell mass (which will become the embryo) and … Read more
Definition: Microscopic, eukaryotic unicellular organism commonly motile heterotrophic having one or more nuclei called protozoa. General Characteristics: 1)Habitat: Protozoans exhibit mainly two forms of life: Free living (aquatic) and parasitic (ecto-endo parasite). 2) Cell size: The body is microscopic and unicellular. 3) Type: They are the simplest and most primitive of all animals. 4) Organisation: … Read more
Class Mammalia comprises warm-blooded vertebrates with characteristics such as hair or fur, mammary glands for feeding young, and three middle ear bones. Mammals include a wide range of species, from humans and whales to bats and rodents, inhabiting diverse environments worldwide. General Characters: 1. Body covering: Body is covered by epidermal hair. 2. Mammary Gland: Mammary glands are present, … Read more
