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Definition: The additional organ which are concerned with respiration other than gills are known as Accessory Respiratory Organ in fish. These organs developed mostly in tropical fresh water fishes to meet the extra demand of O₂ during summer to aestivate over prolonged drought. The accessory respiratory organs in fish are:- 1.) Skin/Integument: Cartain eels like Anguila sp. & Amphipnous sp. and … Read more
Definition: Microscopic, eukaryotic unicellular organism commonly motile heterotrophic having one or more nuclei called protozoa. General Characteristics: 1)Habitat: Protozoans exhibit mainly two forms of life: Free living (aquatic) and parasitic (ecto-endo parasite). 2) Cell size: The body is microscopic and unicellular. 3) Type: They are the simplest and most primitive of all animals. 4) Organisation: … Read more
Class Mammalia comprises warm-blooded vertebrates with characteristics such as hair or fur, mammary glands for feeding young, and three middle ear bones. Mammals include a wide range of species, from humans and whales to bats and rodents, inhabiting diverse environments worldwide. General Characters: 1. Body covering: Body is covered by epidermal hair. 2. Mammary Gland: Mammary glands are present, … Read more
Class Aves includes birds, characterized by feathers, beaks without teeth, and laying hard-shelled eggs. Birds are warm-blooded, have a high metabolic rate, and most species are capable of flight. General characters of Class Aves: 1) Body: Body is spindle shaped divided into head, neck, trunk and tail. Body is covered by feathers, forms the exoskeleton. 2) Fore limbs: Fore … Read more
Class Reptilia comprises a diverse group of cold-blooded vertebrates that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and tuataras. Reptiles are characterized by their scaly skin, which helps prevent water loss, and their ability to lay shelled eggs on land, though some species give live birth. General Characters of Class Reptilia: 1) Habitat: They are inhabitants of terrestrial … Read more
Class Amphibia includes animals that typically have a dual life cycle, with aquatic larval and terrestrial adult stages. They have moist, permeable skin that facilitates gas exchange, and their reproduction generally involves laying eggs in water. Amphibians breathe through gills during their larval stage and through lungs and skin as adults. General Characters of Class … Read more
Phylum Echinodermata includes marine invertebrates such as starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. They are characterized by radial symmetry, a water vascular system for movement and feeding, and an endoskeleton made of calcareous plates. General Characteristics: 1) Habitat: The echinoderms are exclusively marine, non-colonial and largely bottom dwellers. 2) Body: They are triploblastic, coelomate animals. 3) Symmetry: The … Read more
Phylum Mollusca is a diverse group of invertebrates characterized by a soft body, often protected by a hard shell. Mollusks have a muscular foot for movement, a mantle that secretes the shell, and a radula for feeding (in most classes). They inhabit marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. General Characteristics: 1) Habitat: Majority of the members are … Read more
Species of Phylum Arthropoda have segmented bodies, exoskeletons made of chitin, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are highly diverse and inhabit various environments, playing important roles in ecosystems as predators, pollinators, scavengers, and more. General Charaderistics: 1) Habitat: These are free-living, aquatic (fresh water/marine) or terrestrial and some are parasitic form also. 2) Organisation: These species exhibit organ … Read more
Phylum Annelida consists of segmented worms called annelids. They have a segmented body with repeated units called metameres or segments. Annelids include earthworms, leeches. They exhibit a variety of lifestyles, including free-living, parasitic, and predatory. General Characteristics: 1) Habitat: They are free living, found in aquatic both marine and freshwater and terrestrial environments. 2) Shape: Body is … Read more
Nematoda, or roundworms, are a phylum of cylindrical, unsegmented worms with a complete digestive system. They are found in diverse environments and include free-living species as well as parasitic species that infect plants, animals, and humans. General Characteristics: 1) Habitat: Mostly parasitic (in animals/plants), few free living. 2) Shape: Body is perfectly cylindrical in shape adapted for living in … Read more
Platyhelminthes, or flatworms, are a phylum of simple, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms. They have a flattened body, lack a body cavity (acoelomates), and include free-living species like planarians and parasitic species like tapeworms and flukes. General characters of Phylum Platyhelminthes: 1) Habitat: Most of species are parasitic (Ecto-Endo parasite), few are free living (aquatic/terrestrial). 2) Shape: Body is ‘dorso-ventrally … Read more